Ocean Currents

L. David Roper
roperld@vt.edu
http://www.roperld.com/personal/roperldavid.htm

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/images/ocean_currents_jpg_image.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation

http://global-warming.accuweather.com/2009/07/future_changes_to_atlantic_oce.html

http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12455&tid=282&cid=9206

http://www.zackenberg.dk/NR/rdonlyres/41DCB626-9988-4B6F-8DD5-C3364958F5E5/0/carboncyclingarcticmarineecosystems.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenland_Current

http://web.me.com/uriarte/Earths_Climate/Appendix_4._Ocean_currents.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water_hg.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Gyre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline

http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/IntroOc/lecture05.html

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/current2.htm

North Atlantic Oscillation High Index: Higher than normal high atmospheric pressure over the Azores and a lower than normal low atmospheric pressure over Iceland:

North Atlantic Oscillation Low Index: Lower than normal high atmospheric pressure over the Azores and a higher than normal low atmospheric pressure over Iceland:

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/NAO/

The oceanic Niño index (INO) is a measure of the El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Niño:

"Warm water pool approaches South American coast. Absence of cold upwelling increases warming."

La Niña:

"Warm water is further west than usual."

Garbage collects in the center of the gyres.

The unit of flow for rivers and oceans is the sverdrup (Sv) = 10⁶ cubic metres per second = 0.001 km³/s = ~264 million U.S. gallons per second.

References

L. David Roper interdisciplinary studies

L. David Roper, http://www.roperld.com/personal/roperldavid.htm
6 April, 2016